In 2020-2021, the federal government reported that “9.4% (or 3.7 million) were living with diagnosed diabetes” [1]. The term “diabetes” encapsulates three main chronic conditions: type one diabetes, type two diabetes and gestational diabetes. In this article, we’ll unpack the differences between these three and talk about how they can be managed.
Type One
Let’s start with type one diabetes. First and foremost, it should be noted that the exact cause for this disease is unknown. The current literature says that type one diabetes is caused by an autoimmune reaction, which attacks the pancreas and destroys the cells that make insulin (known as beta cells). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “This process can go on for months or years before any symptoms appear” [2]. People with a family history of the condition tend to be more at risk for getting it themselves. Age also plays a factor into who can develop type one diabetes, as it’s more likely in young people. Treatment for type one diabetes include but are not limited to, insulin injections, counting macronutrients, and lifestyle changes.
Type Two
Type two diabetes is the most common type in Canada, accounting for "90-95% of cases” [1]. This condition refers to low production and/or inefficient use of insulin in the body. Similarly to type one, this version is also hereditary. In addition, it is more common in people older than 45, overweight or obese individuals and people who have high blood pressure or high cholesterol. Activity level is also extremely relevant in the discussion of type two diabetes. Lifestyles that are “physically active less than three times a week” [3] are at risk. Managing the condition comes down to taking the proper medication, maintaining a proper diet and changes in lifestyle when necessary.
Gestational
Diabetes that is initially identified during pregnancy (gestation) is known as gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes affects how your cells use glucose, or sugar, just like other forms of the disease. High blood sugar levels brought on by gestational diabetes can have an impact on both your pregnancy and the health of your unborn child. Researchers are not entirely sure what causes this type of diabetes, but it’s speculated to be tied to the weight of the mother before pregnancy and hormone levels. “There are no guarantees when it comes to preventing gestational diabetes — but the more healthy habits you can adopt before pregnancy, the better” [4]. Treatment includes medication as well as lifestyle changes.
Wrapping Up
There exist three main types of diabetes, type one, type two and gestational. While related, they vary in their causes and treatments. While diabetes is a chronic illness with no cure, it’s important to not lose hope. Many people go on to live fulfilling lives after their diagnosis. With the proper management and support anything is possible.
Sources
Snapshot of Diabetes in Canada, 2023. (2024, 01 30). Government of Canada. Retrieved 12 12, 2024, from https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/snapshot-diabetes-canada-2023.html [1]
About Type 1 Diabetes | Diabetes. (2024, May 15). CDC. Retrieved December 11, 2024, from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/about-type-1-diabetes.html [2]
Type 2 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved December 11, 2024, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21501-type-2-diabetes [3]
High blood sugar during pregnancy: What to do-Gestational diabetes - Symptoms & causes. (n.d.). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved December 11, 2024, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gestational-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20355339 [4]